Friday, January 31, 2020
The Catcher and the Rye Essay Example for Free
The Catcher and the Rye Essay The Biographical Lens applied to The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger expresses his view of society in his novel, The Catch in the Rye. His viewpoints are seen in the book through the eyes of young Holden Caulfield. This novel demonstrates modern-day dilemmas and complications that teenagers confront in life. Throughout this novel, Holden Caufield, the protagonist shows signs of clinical depression mourning over the death of his younger brother Allie which caused him to have a slight case of Tropophobia. There are many instances that sustain evidence against Holden Caufield’s depression which expose his continuous thoughts of suicide, his choice of withdrawal from society, and his incapability of viewing the beneficial aspects in life rather than the imperfect. Holden is convinced that society is full of â€Å"phonies†and nothing else, that all people have a side in which they should not be proud of, expect the younger generation, whom are completely innocent. Tropophobia, is a global issue where people who suffer from it have the fear of changes. Tropophobia is caused by severe trauma that is somehow linked to sudden changes. Holden has a slight case of this illness, caused by the death of his younger brother, Allie. This would explain the reason that Holden loves the Museum. Holden loves it because it never changes, it’s always the same and is always predictable. Holden Caufield demonstrates that he has continuous thoughts of suicide in the novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†. Holden shows symptoms of depression by giving up when life confronts him with a problem. There are two examples that express’ Holden’s feelings towards death that are exhibited in this novel. A major conflict in this story is when Holden and his roommate get into a dispute. Holden mourns while looking out the window and says â€Å"I felt so lonesome, all of a sudden. I almost wished I was dead†(page 48, chapter 7). This displays Holden’s suicidal thoughts when faced with a setback. Another instance that express’ Holden’s suicidal thoughts are viewed during a conflict with Maurice (a pimp in the hotel). Holden Caufield is afflicted by Maurice and entertains the thought of ending his life. â€Å"What I really felt like, though, was committing suicide. I felt like jumping out the window.†(Page 104, chapter 14). As al ways, when problems arise, Holden seems incapable of resolving them and reasons the alternative of ending his life. This is revealed as a symptom of clinical depression. Holden Caufield also decides to withdraw himself from society. Holden makes this evident in multiple times throughout the novel. He chooses to outcast himself from his peers, family and from society. He demonstrates this aspect when he abruptly asks Sally to move to Massachusetts, â€Å" How would you like to get the hell out of here?What we could do is, tomorrow morning we could drive up to Massachusetts and Vermont, and all around there, see.†(Page 132, chapter 17). Holden chooses to withdraw himself from his peers and family to live alone and start over in an unfamiliar place. He wants to forget about all he ever knew (New York) and start over; his way of escaping his depressed and lonely surrounding. He displays this aspect once again when he intends to escape out west and live in a cabin away from society. He makes the decision to isolate himself from everyone he knows: â€Å"What I’d do, I figured, I’d go down to the Holland Tunnel and bum a ride, and then id bum another one, and another one, and another one, and in a few days I’d be somewhere out West where it was sunny and where nobody’d know me and id get a job.†(Page 198, chapter 25) He wants to completely isolate himself and extract from others: â€Å"I thought what I’d do was, I’d pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes. That way I wouldn’t have to have any goddam stupid useless conversations with anybody.†(Page 198, chapter 25). He desires to extort himself from civilization. Holden caufield is incapable of recognizing the beneficial aspects in life rather than the imperfect. Holden doesn’t see the positive qualities in people and views the negative. He calls others (including his peers and family) â€Å"phonies†. There are many moments throughout the novel where Holden is judgmental regarding people he’s never encountered before. He claims that they’re deceiving and â€Å"phony†when he hardly knows them. For instance, before Holden Caufield encounters Sally’s friend at the play (â€Å"strictly ivy league†, page 127, chapter 17) he says â€Å"Then all of a sudden, she saw some jerk she knew on the other side of the lobby†(Page 127, chapter 17). Holden calls Sally’s friend a jerk before he even meets him, as he contemplates negative thoughts from the commencement of things. Additionally, Holden calls a considerate and thoughtful teacher by the name of Mr. Spencer, deceptive: â€Å"Even the couple of nice teachers on the faculty, they were phonies, too†¦There was this one old guy, Mr. Spencer.†(page 168, chapter 22) Mr. Spencer is extremely considerate and concerning towards Holden; when he invites him over to his house to say good-bye: â€Å"I’m trying to help you. I’m trying to help you, if I can.†(Page 14, chapter 2). He calls many things around him phony, these phony things are usually things he relates to adulthood. Not only does Holden fear adulthood himself, but he also wants to save others from becoming adults. As he explains about his dream job that Holden’s only place in life is to catch kids who fall from the rye. J.D. Salinger uses the term falling because falling into or towards something is usually used in a negative aspect. Holden is a depressed character; he reveals the negative traits of people fr om the beginning, instead of admiring the respectable qualities they have. J. D. Salinger uses symbolism in several occasions, he shows Holden’s curiosity about the ducks in the lagoon. Holden doesn’t understand how the ducks are so adequate with change while he fears it so much. The author also mentions the strangeness of Holden’s hat, this represents his uniqueness and how he doesn’t want to become like other people, like adults. The red hunting hat is also symbolic in the way that both Allie’s and Phoebe’s hair is red, this represents how Holden wants to be like them; the fact that they are both young and innocent attracts Holden to want to be like them. The protagonist in J.D Salinger’s novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, Holden Caufield is portrayed as a clinically depressed character. He is suicidal, constantly contemplating negative thoughts, and isolates himself from civilization. It is revealed that depression amongst youth is not easily overcome as is the grieving process of progressing after a significant loss in their life. Bibliography Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. Print.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Drawing Down The Moon Essay -- essays research papers
Introduction      I chose to read the book Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today, by Margot Adler, because I myself am a practicing Wiccan.      I began following this religion the summer before I entered high school. I have read many books on my religion, and I thought that this one would compliment the knowledge that I have on the subject.      I was raised a Roman Catholic, but I never felt truly comfortable with the teachings of the Catholic church. It always seemed a little off to me and I never felt like I belonged there. After I received the Sacrament of Confirmation, my parents stopped enforcing that I attend mass every Sunday. It made the transition a lot easier for me. Although, they did not and still do not approve of my religion, they understand that Catholicism is not for me.      When people hear that I am a â€Å"witch,†they automatically assume that I am either crazy, or a â€Å"devil worshipper.†Books such as Alder’s Drawing Down the Moon, are the only way to allow other people to realize that there are many facets to the term â€Å"Pagan.†They also make people realize that not all Pagan religions revolve around curses, crystal balls and sacrifices.      Although, I did not agree with everything that Margot Adler had to say, or with some of the interviews she chose to include in Drawing Down the Moon, I am happy that I chose to read it for my final paper. I do not feel that we cover enough about Pagan religions in our class, and this assignment gave me the opportunity to learn more about Pagan religions other than my own. Brief Summary      In America today, there are a myriad of â€Å"occult†or â€Å"magickal†groups. Some of these groups are small with maybe only 5 or 6 members, some have hundreds. The groups that I am referring to call themselves Pagans or Neo-Pagans. There are a wide variety of Pagans and Neo-Pagans. They can be animists, polytheists, pantheists, monotheists, or a combination of any of these. There are also many different classifications of Witches, such as: Gothic, Classical, Familial, Immigrant, Ethnic and Feminist. Each group is very distinct and different from the next. They do however share a common set of values.   ... ...h to be able to answer in the future, are:  ·Ã‚     What makes Pagan religions so unappealing to people when the basis of the religion relies solely on however the practitioner interprets it?  ·Ã‚     Why isn’t there more information available on them considering these religions are so old?  ·Ã‚     Why don’t these religions have any solid dogma?      I think that this assignment was a very good learning experience. It gave us the chance to explore any area of religion that we wanted to know about or learn more about. We weren’t restrained to the more common religions that we discuss in depth in class. I enjoyed the fact that we had a large amount of freedom when choosing our topic. It is not good to always be told what to write about. Freedom of topics is always beneficial for the most creative fulfillment of any assignment. It gives the student a chance to work on something that they are truly interested in. This assignment definitely allowed me to further my knowledge in the areas of religion that I am interested in, rather than solely what is in a syllabus.      Drawing Down The Moon Essay -- essays research papers Introduction      I chose to read the book Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today, by Margot Adler, because I myself am a practicing Wiccan.      I began following this religion the summer before I entered high school. I have read many books on my religion, and I thought that this one would compliment the knowledge that I have on the subject.      I was raised a Roman Catholic, but I never felt truly comfortable with the teachings of the Catholic church. It always seemed a little off to me and I never felt like I belonged there. After I received the Sacrament of Confirmation, my parents stopped enforcing that I attend mass every Sunday. It made the transition a lot easier for me. Although, they did not and still do not approve of my religion, they understand that Catholicism is not for me.      When people hear that I am a â€Å"witch,†they automatically assume that I am either crazy, or a â€Å"devil worshipper.†Books such as Alder’s Drawing Down the Moon, are the only way to allow other people to realize that there are many facets to the term â€Å"Pagan.†They also make people realize that not all Pagan religions revolve around curses, crystal balls and sacrifices.      Although, I did not agree with everything that Margot Adler had to say, or with some of the interviews she chose to include in Drawing Down the Moon, I am happy that I chose to read it for my final paper. I do not feel that we cover enough about Pagan religions in our class, and this assignment gave me the opportunity to learn more about Pagan religions other than my own. Brief Summary      In America today, there are a myriad of â€Å"occult†or â€Å"magickal†groups. Some of these groups are small with maybe only 5 or 6 members, some have hundreds. The groups that I am referring to call themselves Pagans or Neo-Pagans. There are a wide variety of Pagans and Neo-Pagans. They can be animists, polytheists, pantheists, monotheists, or a combination of any of these. There are also many different classifications of Witches, such as: Gothic, Classical, Familial, Immigrant, Ethnic and Feminist. Each group is very distinct and different from the next. They do however share a common set of values.   ... ...h to be able to answer in the future, are:  ·Ã‚     What makes Pagan religions so unappealing to people when the basis of the religion relies solely on however the practitioner interprets it?  ·Ã‚     Why isn’t there more information available on them considering these religions are so old?  ·Ã‚     Why don’t these religions have any solid dogma?      I think that this assignment was a very good learning experience. It gave us the chance to explore any area of religion that we wanted to know about or learn more about. We weren’t restrained to the more common religions that we discuss in depth in class. I enjoyed the fact that we had a large amount of freedom when choosing our topic. It is not good to always be told what to write about. Freedom of topics is always beneficial for the most creative fulfillment of any assignment. It gives the student a chance to work on something that they are truly interested in. This assignment definitely allowed me to further my knowledge in the areas of religion that I am interested in, rather than solely what is in a syllabus.     Â
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Alison Bechdel Essay
Female comic creators made a great impact on the comic industry although they are not so many. They gained recognition since they have beginning to create comic novels. Women creators have worked an every genre from superheroes to romance, westerns to war, crime to horror. Their subjects of discussion have expanded as women’s role in society has changed. They are on pressure in the society because the model of women is determined by the society and they have to write like that. However women comic creators still have found mainstream or underground success telling the stories they want to tell. This underground comic movement attracted women artists, as it allowed more mature themes and personal work than the commercial newspaper and comic book industry of the time. Underground comics are the self-published comics which are socially relevant and satire in nature. The underground market allowed for a more open depiction of sexuality and in the 70’s and 80’s openly lesbian and bisexual artists told their stories in comic book form, such as Alison Bechdel’s Dykes to Watch Out For and graphic novel Fun Home. Alison Bechdel is an American cartoonist who was born in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. She interested in the underground comics and she began to write in this field. She is lesbian feminist artist and her works consist of the feminism and lesbianism movement. Her work, Dykes to Watch Out For, was one of the earliest ongoing representations of lesbians in popular culture. The strip mainly follows the life and times of a group of lesbian friends in an unspecified location in the USA. But as time passes, some straight and male characters are also introduced. The strip focuses on a wonderful group of counterculture friends, most of whom are lesbians. And this book gathers a rich collection of the strips spanning from 1987 through 2008. This book also contains an introduction, also in comic form, about how Alison Bechdel came to spend her career writing this incredible comic. In the book, Bechdel Test is introduced which is used to identify gender bias in fiction. Many award-winning collections of Dykes were published in book form by an independent feminist press, and were translated into several languages. According to Bechdel, her strip was â€Å"half op-ed column and half endless, serialized Victorian novel†. The op-ed column refers to the fact that they’re all highly engaged with the social and political issues of their time. The central character Mo Testa is a lesbian feminist who is always complain everything and Mo looks like Bechdel herself. The characters are political activist who rarely miss LGBT demonstration. LGBT is an initialism that collectively refers to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. They debate how to combine their ideals and their lively days. They constantly analyze race and gender and how these impact their lives. They work at domestic abuse shelters, or alternative bookshops, or as college professors, or as environmental layers. They feel betrayed when one of them gets involved with a man and then realize that this reaction goes again everything they believe in. They write theses on how literary representations of hypersexual lesbians and women of color contrast with their actual experiences of desire. And whatever else they’re doing, they never lose the ability to laugh at themselves. This work seems as a lesbian feminist novel, it is actually how very universal and how human it is. Anyone who struggles to be the best person they can be and to live according to their ideals. They will probably be able to relate to these characters and their conflicts. Bechdel says in her introduction that her goal in writing the strip was, first of all, to make lesbians visible; and secondly, to â€Å"explode essentialism†by portraying them as complex and diverse human beings. She succeeded brilliantly Mo and company is nothing if not completely human. Her other work is Fun Home which is an example of underground comics. It is a graphic memoir which chronicles the author’s childhood and youth in rural Pennsylvania, United States, focusing on her complex relationship with her father. The themes of work are sexual orientation, gender roles and family life. It includes photographing herself in poses for each human figure. Bechdel combine comics and memoirs in this book. Fun Home has been both a popular and critical success, and spent two weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list. It was nominated for several awards, including the National Book Critics Circle Award and three Eisner Awards. The memoir focuses on Bechdel’s family and the relationship between Alison and her father. Her father was a funeral director and English teacher. The book’s title comes from the family nickname for the funeral home. Her father’s two occupations reflect in the work focus on death and literature. Her father had homosexual relationship in the military and the high school. Her father was killed in the Sunbeam Bread truck however Alison Bechdel concludes that he committed suicide. She writes this novel as an autobiography and she tells everything about her father, their relationship and his death. She keeps to the reality and she does not escape to telling the realities. She mentions her father’s homosexual aspect and she does not conceal this. The story is also deal with Alison Bechdel’s struggle to find her own sexual identity. She realizes that she is a lesbian and her coming out to her parents. The memoir frankly examines her sexual development, including transcripts from her childhood diary, anecdotes about masturbation, and tales of her first sexual experiences with her girlfriend, Joan. She and her father share their ideas about this situation and both of them express their dissatisfaction with their given gender roles. In the Fun Home, there are so many themes but the biggest theme is sexual orientation. Bechdel tells her journey to finding her own sexuality in this book. Alison is not alone choosing her partner because her father is also homosexual. Bechdel and her father are in the same situation. One of them is lesbian and the other one is gay or bisexual. In the book, her mother discovers her husband’s situation and this makes the book as a tragedy. They have problems because of her father’s situation. Bechdel shows how people encounter some difficulties when they identify their sexuality. However Bechdel and her father’s conversation reflect their respects to find the sexual identity. The other theme is death in Fun Home. Bechdel family always encounters the death because of the father’s job. Alison Bechdel reflects the death in the novel and she believes that her father’s death is not an accident. According to Alison Bechdel her father commits suicide because of his own sexuality or Alison’s sexuality. This is not clear in the book; it remains as an unclear death. Bechdel shows the death in two different aspects. One of them is the job of her father and the other one is causing of her father’s end. The job combines with her father’s death. Moreover she combines his death because of his own sexuality. Being a homosexual causes her death and she does not believe his death as an accident because of this reason. She examines his death in the book and she reflect her views about his death in Fun Home. She uses some allusions in the novel and these allusions come from the Greek mythology and visual arts. The events of Bechdel’s family life during childhood and adolescence are presented through these allusions. Bechdel questions whether her decision to come out as a lesbian was one of the triggers for her father’s suicide. Bechdel closely examines the connection between her father’s closeted sexuality and her own open lesbianism. Bechdel, as the narrator, considers her relationship to her father through the myth of Daedalus and Icarus. As a child, she confused her family and their Gothic Revival home with the Addams Family seen in the cartoons of Charles Addams. [43] Bruce Bechdel’s suicide is discussed with reference to Albert Camus’ novel A Happy Death and essay The Myth of Sisyphus.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Financial analysis Pfizer vs. JohnsonJohnson - 1773 Words
Case Analysis Introduction to Finance Introduction – The companies’ profile We chose Johnson and Johnson as a company for our case analysis, and researches have shown that one of its main competitors is Pfizer, Inc. Johnson and Johnson is ranked as the world’s most respected company, and as number 50 in Forbes Top 100 World’s Most Powerful Brands: it is a veritable empire. But as we say, â€Å"Rome wasn’t built in a day†. Johnson and Johnson was founded in 1886 by Brothers Robert and James Johnson, and is headquartered since then in New Brunswick. It started as a simple Surgical Dressing company, but is now renowned for its diversity and its clean Judiciary aspects. Its products range from†¦show more content†¦This value increased from 2.05 in 2010 to 2.38 in 2011. The current ratio of Pfizer in year 2011 is 2.06 times; meaning that the company has 2.06 in assets for every one dollar in current liability. As we can see, the current ratio of Pfizer is slightly larger than that of Johnson and Johnson year 2010 but much less than it in 2011. This signifies that Johnson and Johnson is much more liquid and is able to cover its liabilities more smoothly than Pfizer and without any undue distress. This also showed that Johnson and Johnson is doing really well based on the significant increase in the ratio, also it might mean that Pfizer might be engaging in investment activities and is planning for growth towards its firm. We should not be misguided by these ratios as one must keep in mind that these assumptions based on the current ratio might not be very reliable. Quick ratio = (Current assets – Inventories) Current liabilities OR = Quick assets / Current liabilities The Quick ratio also measures the short-term liquidity of the firm and its ability to pay off its dues. 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Sunday, December 29, 2019
Jetblue Airways Corporation s Executive Officer Essay
JetBlue Airways Corporation is one of the few American low-cost airline and the 5th largest airline in the United States. JetBlue carries more than 35 customers each year to 96 cities in the U.S., Caribbean and Latin America with an average of 925 flights. JetBlue Airways Corporation is a publicly traded company. The top 5 shareholders are Dave Barger, Joe Clinton Peterson, Robin Hayes, Mark Powers and Frank Sica accordingly. Dave Barger is the largest shareholder with approximately 860, 000 shares as of March 15, 2015 and the former chief executive officer (CEO) of JetBlue. Joe Clinton Peterson is the second largest shareholder with roughly 610,000 shares owned. Peterson, is the CEO and founder of Peterson Partners LP, a private equity firm. Robin Hayes, is the current CEO of JetBlue having replaced Barger in 2015 and he also sits in the company’s board of directors. Hayes, position owned 360,000 shares as of July 6 2016 making him third-largest shareholder. 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We have gathered here this evening to take a look at the current position of our company, how we are measuring up to our competition, and what I am proposing we do to continue our success within our future. First I will start off with the mission of our airlines, as many of youRead MoreJetblue3939 Words  | 16 PagesJetBlue Questions for Discussion 1. Give examples of needs, wants, and demands that JetBlue customers demonstrate, differentiating these three concepts. What are the implications of each for JetBlue’s practices? * First of all people who go to an airline are because they have the need to travel, which the main feature is. Inducing the consumer or person, as their main need. * JetBlue customers to contract your travel company this time JetBlue, wanted a good service duringRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : Strategic Analysis2245 Words  | 9 PagesStrategies methods of analysis. Lastly a recommendation will be presented for the firm on for the problem statement of expansion. Keywords: Southwest Airlines, airlines, Kelleher, King, Kellyâ€Æ' Southwest Airlines Gary Kelly, the current Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Southwest Airlines stated â€Å"Our people are our single greatest strength and most enduring long term competitive advantage†; Kelly is also the Chairman of the Board and President (Southwest Airlines, 2014b, page 1). This statement directRead MoreSouthwest Airlines11551 Words  | 47 PagesCEO’s job to a successor, and a series of government directives that made it increasingly difficult for Southwest to implement an operating strategy that had differentiated it from its competition. As Colleen Barrett, president and chief operating officer, put it at one gathering of the top management team, â€Å"Recent events have made it increasingly difficult to live up to the promise to customers in our ads that ‘You are now free to move about the country.’†Changes in the airline operating environmentRead MoreBusiness Plan of Skytrails Airline, Ltd.14517 Words  | 59 Pagesproposition in the mar kets it serves. It will offer customers a compelling value proposition: a high level of service and comfort at 50 percent of the current published business-class fare. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE COMPANY REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT MARKET ANALYSIS FINANCIALS APPENDIX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Purpose Having successfully raised  £1.3 million from angel investors, SkyTrails is now looking to raise  £25 million from investors who are interested in the opportunity presented
Saturday, December 21, 2019
The Distributive Justice Theory Of John Rawls - 1391 Words
Inequality and inefficiency are universal issues plaguing society that countless economists have attempted to understand and address. Distinguished economists such as John Rawls, Amartya Sen, Robert Nozick, and Milton Friedman have developed their own theories of to achieve distributive justice, or a fair allocation of resources for all members of society. In Rawls’ justice as fairness and Sen’s capability theory, the economists come closest to achieving plans of distributive justice that retain the output-promoting effects of compensating differentials and recognizing the costs of Okun’s leaky bucket, but a plan that retains Rawls’ social contract and Sen’s capability focus would come closest to achieving justice. The distributive justice theory of John Rawls concerns justice as fairness. In his theory, Rawls defines justice as demanding equality, unless inequality makes the least advantaged person better off. Rawls proposes two major principles of justice: (1) that each person should have the same equal right to basic liberties and (2) that social and economic inequalities are attached to positions and offices open to all under equality of opportunity and are to the benefit of the least advantaged group of society. This theory is determined by a social contract that assumes there is a natural state on which people will agree based on moral equality. In this social contract, all members wear a veil of ignorance through which they do not know anything about their ownShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Justice and the Good1551 Words  | 7 PagesThe relationship between justice and the good is and has been debated for thousands of years between many intelligent philosophers. Many theorists have attempted to to explain the exact characteristics and outline a moral distribution of possessions. 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Rawls theory describes a society with free citizens holding equalRead MoreDemocracy And The Problem Of Distributive Justice1443 Words  | 6 PagesDemocracy and the Problem of Distributive Justice The preliminary point into an inquiry of distributive justice is to disconnect the conjunction of â€Å"distributive,†and â€Å"justice†. For the purpose of this essay, I will inherit and accept John Rawls explanation of justice from A Theory of Justice. â€Å"Justice,†according to Rawls, â€Å"is the first virtue of social institutions.†Therefore, from a societal perspective, justice as the first virtue negates the utilitarian maxim that a loss of freedom forRead MoreTypes of Justice as Outlined in the Ralsian Theory1671 Words  | 7 PagesJustice is another important ethical standard. Justice involves protecting individual rights, or preventing an injustice to an individual. 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Conversely, the concept of Relativism (the antithesis of Universalism) posits that everything is variable, or, situational. â€Å"The universalistic conception of distributive justice, rules are held to be just and unalterable regardless of contextRead MorePolitical And Economic Theory Is An Often Contentious Subject1582 Words  | 7 PagesPolitical and economic theory is an often contentious subject as it relates to how much interference governments should be allowed when it comes to rights and welfare of the public. One of the most de bated topics asks the question â€Å"is it a part of the government s role to take wealth away from the rich to give to the poor?†John Rawls and Robert Nozick offer two differing theories about the role of government in distributing wealth. John Rawls argues that a just society must have equal rights forRead MoreThe s Views On Distributive Justice And Justice1527 Words  | 7 PagesThroughout the world’s history there has been a hierarchy in regards to how justice works in a town, community, province, cities, and countries. Justice to this day still varies depending on where you are. This is even seen in the many states within America. Many of our great ancestors have attempted to figure out the best way to run a country going over several different forms of laws and procedures to make America what it represents, equal equality, a melting pot for all people, age, race, colorRead MoreJustice Means Equality For Equals And Inequality For Unequal s Equality1593 Words  | 7 PagesC.S Lewis once said â€Å"justice means equality for equals and inequality for unequal’s†. To interpret this quote we must first define what justice really means. Justice means giving each person what he or she deserves . 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Friday, December 13, 2019
Thomas Hardy Biography Free Essays
string(44) " the Victorian patriarchy requires to men \." Thomas Hardy, one of the few writers to succeed as both, a major novelist and a poet. He is best known for his beautiful but often harsh portrayal of the rural England, set in around his beloved Wessex. The Mayor Of Casterbridge,†deserves our attention, because it presents masculinity and femininity of characters in the work from the feminist point of view, compared with the traditional criticism. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Hardy Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Considering the importance of the relation of man and woman in the work, this criticism is significant in that it turns the focus of Hardy’s criticism into one of his important aspects, namely, masculinity and femininity, which has been neglected by almost all critics. Whatever Hardy’s intention of this work might be, however, it is certain that this work demonstrates the panorama of how characters are influenced, distorted, and destroyed by the Victorian patriarchy. That is to say, all major characters?not only women (Susan, Lucetta, and Elizabeth-Jane), but also men (Henchard and Donald Farfrae)?suffer from the Victorian patriarchy, whether they are conscious of it or not. It is difficult to jump to the conclusion that his aim of this work is to delineate the tragedy of men and women under the Victorian patriarchy. However, one of the most important aspects of this work is to illuminate character’s relationship with the Victorian patriarchy. It is evident in that the wife-selling in the first chapter determines the destinies of all characters throughout the work. Hardy, by giving the place and situation, allows them the freedom and strength to display their personal feelings, to secure themselves, and to make their own choices within the Victorian conventions. Henchard is depicted as an embodiment of traditional values and traditional man of Victorian society and he is very distinctly put against the chief female characters that represent the possibilities for women in Victorian society. The transition of the female characters from simple everyday characters of Victorian period to self conscious and responsive women shows that Hardy was aware of the shifting world- a world that was processing elements of both the Victorian and modern times. The search for an ideal relationship which was so common during Victorian age is overtly redefined from a new perspective through the major female characters. We may take a note of Hardy’s comment on â€Å"The Mayor of Casterbridge†which he made on January 2, 1886, the day when the novel began in the ‘Graphic newspaper’, and ‘Harper’s Weekly’: â€Å"..after all it is not the improbabilities of the incidents but the improbabilities of the characters that matter†.(Nemesvari 60) But we find that the improbabilities in the women characters are equally evident as in the character of Henchard. In â€Å"The Mayor Of Casterbridge†, Thomas Hardy attempts to make Victorian society more aware of its treatment and attitude towards women and he has successfully affected this objective through the chief female charactersâ€â€Susan, Elizabeth and Lucetta to a great extent. Thus by giving the place and situation, Hardy allows them the freedom and strength to display their personal feelings, to secure themselves, and to make their own choices within the Victorian conventions. Research Questionnaire What is Gender Roles? What is the impact of gender roles in human society? How Patriarchal culture effects gender roles in Victorian society? Why Thomas Hardy sketches same sexes with multiple gender roles? Research Metodology The novel The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy has been selected for the study. The research is going to use the Gender Deconstruction and Gender Performances as a tool. The research is qualitative and the primary source is text of the novel and the secondary sources are articles, online journal, library etc. Literature Review Literature is always open for the interpretations and analyses of researchers and critics. These interpretations make a piece of literature genuine and interesting. The critical works also pave ways for other researchers. Therefore, no literary work can be treated in isolation. When we study the critique about Hardy’s works, we come to know that many researchers and critics have discussed many aspects of the Hardy’s novels. They have discussed Hardy’s themes, characters, ideas and his philosophy of life. Similarly many modern literary theories are being applied on the work of Hardy. For instance Jung-Sun Choi says â€Å"Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor Of Casterbridge (1886) has been criticized in two directions, the universal and the particular. The first examines the place of the individual life in a hostile or indifferent world, its destiny and limitation, broadly speaking, man’s place in Nature. Thus, it focuses on the concepts such as coincidence, nature, destiny, and cosmic irony in relation with Hardy’s pessimism. The second investigates the aspect that each character is the product of social and economic conditions, specifically, that of the Dorset region in England during industrialization. It delves into how characters are constructed, influenced by this specific region.(Jhung-Sun Choi 55) Interestingly, Hardy’s depiction of male characters also illuminates how they are the victims never the beneficiaries of Victorian patriarchy in The Mayor Of Casterbridge. The most typical example is portrayed in Henchard’s case. In the beginning of the novel, he is revealed as the perfect agent of the Victorian patriarchy. His relationship with his wife appears only as the relationship between a lord and a slave. He speaks to his wife only when he needs to, and he avoids all possible conversations by reading or pretending to read. Furthermore, in order to confirm his ownership to her, he sometimes threatens her that he will sell her. At last such relationship between them reaches its climax in his wife-selling in Weydon Fair-field. By selling his wife with his daughter, he blandishes his patriarchal power over her. But ironically, it eventually causes his consecutive catastrophes. Henchard symbolizes the Victorian patriarchal ideology in the work in that he completely leads his life the Victorian patriarchy demands of men. It is no coincidence that he indulges himself only in searching after financial success and title, the â€Å"mythology of manliness†that the Victorian patriarchy requires to men . You read "Thomas Hardy Biography" in category "Papers"He achieves these things through male competition in that time. But coincidentally, his success leads to his loneliness because what he wants is only a â€Å"greedy exclusiveness†. Furthermore, he fails to make true relationship with others because he continues to show â€Å"the tendency to domineer†Pallavi Gupta states in her research thesis â€Å"In the novel, The Mayor Of Casterbridge, Hardy presents Michael Henchard as ‘a man of character’ while throughout the novel Henchard commits a number of blunders. Hardy puts two characters in front of us– Michael Henchard and Donald Farfrae. By using this technique of showing the actions of his characters, Hardy proves that even an uneducated man may be a man of character. He draws a line between ‘education and qualification’, and instead of introducing his main character by his name, he gives a detailed description of Michael Henchard’s personality to show that it is the personality of Henchard that matters more than the name he has. Hardy tries to prove that a lot of the bad stuff that happens to Henchard is a result of his natural personality, which he really cannot change. That is a convincing way of Hardy to introduce the main character of his novel. Moreover, it goes along with the novel’s title because the novel is not named Michael Henchard but The Mayor Of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character. Throughout the novel Hardy tries to have a balance in Henchard’s character because Henchard is something between ‘a Man’ and ‘a Mayor’.(Gupta 288) Tazir Hussain in his work â€Å"The Mayor Of Casterbridge†: Attitude toward Changes and Challenges of Social Conventions’ examines the position of women in the 19th century was a critical one. The society was governed in the patriarchal mode. The public sphere was not accessible to women as it was to men. Various kinds of limitations were imposed on women’s conducts especially in the fields of law, education and even on lifestyle. Again, side by side, there were various positive changes taking place around that time. For example, the Married Women’s Property Act was passed in 1870 which protected the legal position of women within the family. The 19th century was also important as a time when feminist campaigns to improve the legal status of women were undertaken in areas such as vote, the family and reproduction. Much have been said and written about the representation of women characters in Hardy’s novel. The scope of this subject is broad. â€Å"Character is Fate†(Hardy 112), but Henchard’s character demands an understanding of the other characters in relation to him, because it’s not Henchard’s character alone that brings in his tragic end. It’s the character of the people as a whole that surround him and their responses to his life and death that probably goes up to make his fate. Let me begin from the moment when Susan returns with her grown up daughter Elizabeth Jane. This Susan who comes after a long gap of 18 years is a different Susan. She is no more that Susan who somewhat excitedly left Henchard 18 years ago because of his senseless announcement of selling her. She is now endowed with a personal will, feelings and aspirations. On her first meeting with Henchard right after her arrival, she says â€Å"O Michael!†¦ I meet you now only as his widow. I consider myself that, and that I have no claim upon you. Had he not died I should never have comeâ€â€never! Of that you may be sure.†(Hardy 71) Her self-assertion is very remarkable. It tells so much about the changed and confident Susan. At the same time, the implicit sense of detachment that she creates between herself and Henchard that she is no more dependent on anybody even after Newson’s death is mistaken by Henchard. He says: â€Å"It’s only that which makes me feel’ee an innocent woman.†(Hardy 71) But Susan is not that innocent woman who let her husband to sell her. She is different now who goes on asserting her new strength that she has gained over the years. She also gained enough experiences to realize the attempt of intimacy shown by Henchard. She separates herself from that and says that she came to see Hnechard and that she will go away with her daughter at once if he wants them to. Here we must remember that Susan’s primary aim was to secure a safe shelter for her daughter and herself, and she was aware of Henchard’s emotions and impulsive nature very well. Henchard, by now, recognized the new confidence in Susan. He replies to her: â€Å"No, no Susan, you are not to go†¦ I have thought of this plan that you and Elizabeth take a cottage in the town†¦that I meet you, court you and marry you†¦and I should have the pleasure of seeing my only child under my roof as well as my wife.†(Hardy 71) Once she becomes assured of Henchard’s politeness, then only she reveals her intention of coming to Casterbridge. She tells Henchard: â€Å"I come here only for the sake of Elizabeth, for myself, if you tell me to leave again tomorrow morning, and never come near you more. I am content to go†(Hardy 72) Henchard doesn’t want her to go away and thus Susan secures her daughter first and then herself in the hands Henchard. Dale Kramer, in his â€Å"Thomas hardy: The Forms of Tragedy†, discusses this turn of events from Henchard’s perspective. He suggests that Henchard remarries Susan not for renewed love but because of a sense of obligation, duty and rightness. Kramer may be right in his observation, but it is also important to explore the nature of obligation and rightness on the other side, that is on the side of Susan. Susan admits that she had entered the situation solely for the sake of her daughter’s reputation. She expresses her indifference to Henchard although implicitly. Henchard, on the other hand, has to bow down or come to a certain sort of compromise leaving his â€Å"rule o’ thumb†(Hardy 50) status. It is also interesting to know how Elizabeth becomes the central point of Henchard’s and Susan’s discussion. All precautions are taken by Henchard and Susan so that her sentiments remain unhurt. The public auctioning of Susan has now become a private matter. Henchard fights hard to keep it a secret. This becomes a responsibility on Henchard. The creation of such sensibility in Henchard is a sole credit of Susan. It is she who sows the responsibility in Henchard and keeps it alive in him through her speeches. But this sense she creates in him seems to be enveloped with a kind of selfishness which is carried to a certain extreme where Henchard’s emotional need is completely forgotten. Henchard receives no or little response from Susan, except the fatal lie that Elizabeth is not his daughter, but of Newson. But, there is no denying to the fact that Susan’s primary concern was the safe future of her daughter, and moreover, we must admit that she was honest in her confession, although she deliberately reveals it late to Henchard because she wanted no harm to the sentiments and feelings of either of them. Hardy, by giving the place and situation, allows them the freedom and strength to display their personal feelings, to secure themselves, and to make their own choices within the Victorian conventions. Henchard is depicted as an embodiment of traditional values and traditional man of Victorian society and he is very distinctly put against the chief female characters that represent the possibilities for women in Victorian society. The transition of the female characters from simple everyday characters of Victorian period to self conscious and responsive women shows that Hardy was aware of the shifting world- a world that was processing elements of both the Victorian and modern times. The search for an ideal relationship which was so common during Victorian age is overtly redefined from a new perspective through the major female characters. Julie C. Suk in his thesis The Moral and Legal Consequences of Wife-Selling in The Mayor Of Casterbridge, delineates what kind of man sells his wife? Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor Of Casterbridge opens with a famous episode in which a poor hay trusser, Michael Henchard, sells his wife, Susan, by impulsively putting her up for auction in a public market. Susan is purchased by a sailor, with whom she departs and subsequently lives as husband and wife. Subtitled â€Å"The Life and Death of a Man of Character,†the novel presents itself as a study of the flawed, complex, and ultimately tragic moral character of the man who sold his wife. His essay interprets the novel’s account of the moral consequences of the wife-sale in The Mayor Of Casterbridge, by examining the shifting legal and social meanings of the practice in nineteenth century Britain. The novel exploits uncertainty about the legal consequences of wife-selling to generate its moral tragedy. Andri Hermansyah, Analysis on Tragic Character In The Mayor of Casterbridge, stated that, the unit analysis of this study is Thomas Hardy’s novel. The objective of the study on this thesis is to find out how Henchard as tragic character is presented in the novel and how overwhelming pride leads to his downfall. The collected data is qualitatively analyzed using the theory of tragic character. After collecting and analyzing the data, the writer concludes that Thomas Hardy presents Henchard’s rise and fall. Hardy introduces Henchard as nobody. He undergoes a change from being nobody to become somebody because of his hard work, his success in persuading Farfrae to become his employee and his ability to abstain from drinking alcohol. Yet, Henchard’s success does not last long. He turns back from somebody to nobody because of his judgement errors and his poor personality that lead him to the fall. After discussing the views of various writers about Hardy’s work, it can be concluded that the idea of Gender Trouble has not been explored by other researchers. Thus the research would attempt to fill this gap by applying the theory of Gender Trouble upon Hardy’s novel Mayor of Casterbridge. How to cite Thomas Hardy Biography, Papers
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